Chest pain is a common presenting complaint to Emergency Departments (ED) worldwide. Massive resource investment is required to differentiate benign from sinister causes of chest pain, and for the treatment, referral, and risk stratification of chest pain patients.  A cardiac etiology of chest pain is found in roughly 15% of those presenting to EDs. Emergency Physicians use a combination of history, physical, ECG, and biochemical markers of cardiac injury to diagnose acute coronary syndromes (STEMI, NSTEMI, and unstable angina). The biomarkers used to diagnose acute coronary syndrome have evolved greatly over the last 50 years, changing from relatively non-specific biomarkers such as AST, LDH, myoglobin, Creatine Kinase (CK), and CK-MB, to the very sensitive and specific cardiac troponin assays.

creatine kinase

As healthcare spending continues to rise it becomes increasingly necessary to critically appraise the utility of routine testing practices. For example, does your institution order chest pain “Bundles”? Every chest pain patient presenting to our institution gets a total creatine kinase and a troponin ordered at least once.  Does the creatine kinase change our ability to diagnose and manage ACS in the ED?

Physiology of Troponin and Creatine Kinase: simplified for emergency medicine brains!

creatine kinase

There are different flavours of troponin (I, C and T) and they modulate the calcium-mediated interaction between actin and myosin in skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue.

Briefly, a nerve impulse causes calcium to be released in muscle cells of the heart. This calcium binds the Troponin subunit which is bound to tropomyosin. This causes a physical change in the tropomyosin and allows myosin to bind actin; the resulting interaction leads to muscle contraction.  The action of myosin requires ATP, therefore, energy released from ATP powers muscle contraction. Creatine Kinase’s role is to replenish ATP stores, converting ADP back into ATP via conversion of phosphocreatine to creatine. So, we can see that creatine kinase and troponin are intimately related to muscle contraction.

The unique cardiac specific troponin I (cTnI) and cardiac troponin T (cTnT) can be detected by blood tests.

There are also different types of creatine kinase such as CK-muscle and CK-brain that we historically measured. These assays are no longer available to us; our hospital currently measures total CK –which is expressed in all sorts of muscle types in the body, decreasing specificity and utility. HAVE YOU EVER BEEN TO CROSSFIT?

A few questions about Creatine Kinase

1. Do the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), American College of Cardiology (ACC), or American Heart Association (AHA) recommend ordering both troponin and CK when considering the diagnosis of ACS?

NO!

Cardiac troponins are more sensitive and specific markers of cardiomyocyte injury than creatine kinase (CK), its MB isoenzyme (CK-MB), and myoglobin.

creatine kinase2. Does Creatine Kinase rise earlier than Troponin?

NO!

creatine kinase

Why does this matter?

Local data suggests that our institution orders approximately 92,000 troponins a year across two hospital sites, and roughly 87,000 concurrent CK assays.

That’s ~ 87,000 tests that are of dubious value.

Criticism: Some may say “Well, CK tells us more about the infarct size and because the size of the infarct is the largest predictor of mortality in ACS we need to order CK”

Let’s do a thought experiment:

Imagine that CK was useful and it could help tell us where the infarct occurred and how much damage was done. Imagine a chart that said for a given value of CK there would be a certain reduction of LV function.

That would be useful right?

If only such an investigation existed… wait a second, what about an ECHO? An ECHO tells you what part of a patient’s heart was hit and how much damage occurred.  There is no chart or table that says “CK of whatever number is going to result in this much heart failure and therefore they need an ICD for prevention of arrhythmia.”  

We can continue this logic… imagine the following 2 patients who present with 5 hours of chest pain and ECGs that are not indicative of STEMI.

creatine kinase

Do these numbers change our ultimate medical management or disposition in the ED?  Well, Patient 1 gets medical management and Patient 2 gets PCI right?

NO, we treat the patient in front of us. The downstream investigations and therapies are tailored on a case-by-case basis.  

  • Troponin is a more sensitive and specific biomarker. It also tells you about infarct size!
  • There are no head to head trials comparing a CK value to a troponin value and their ability to accurately predict future development of heart failure
  • We know that BOTH higher CK and higher troponin levels generally mean bigger infarcts! Furthermore, troponin also tells you about small infarcts too—THAT’S WHY WE INVENTED IT
  • There is a ton of evidence showing that a CK (-) , Troponin (+) patient has a very real increased mortality rate

What about a discordant biomarker?

E.g. A patient where the CK came back positive and the troponin came back negative.

  • CK is 4x larger than a troponin molecule. Why then would it ever leak out of an ischaemic cell when troponin does not?
    • The release kinetics of these molecules are similar when a cell becomes ischaemic. They therefore rise in the same time frame
  • Stay tuned for a systematic review on discordant biomarkers!
    • Spoiler alert—the evidence consistently shows troponin is more sensitive and more specific
  • Local data involving over 1000 patients has not shown a CK (+) and a Troponin (-) that led to a diagnosis of ACS

In Summary:

  • Health care spending is rising every year
  • Chest pain is a common emergency presentation
  • CK is useless for the screening of ACS; use troponin
  • If the troponin is elevated: decide on the type of ACS (eg. Type 1 or Type 2 (supply demand)), treat, and refer accordingly
  • CK is useful in predicting who is going to get an AKI after they attend crossfit, not who is having a heart attack

 

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Authors